Background Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) profoundly affect lifelong health, yet primary care screening remains underutilized globally. As the first study in Qatar examining this issue, we assessed knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) and barriers regarding ACEs screening among Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC) physicians.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in January 2024 among family medicine and well-baby clinic physicians across all PHCC centers. The validated questionnaire assessed demographics, KAP, and barriers, analyzed through the Theoretical Domains Framework. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and cluster-adjusted regression models.Results Of the 205 participating physicians, most lacked formal training on ACEs, with 66% unfamiliar with the ACE questionnaire. Knowledge increased significantly with PHCC experience (p = 0.043). Attitudes were generally positive with a mean score of 37.2, with 91% believing ACEs should be addressed in primary care. However, only 59% had screened within PHCC settings, primarily using symptom-triggered approaches (67%) rather than routine screening (5%). Major barriers included insufficient time (78%), absence of response protocols (53.7%), and inadequate mental health resources (33.2%). Most physicians (83%) supported universal screening across age groups, with 75% expressing interest in further education.Conclusion Despite positive attitudes toward ACEs screening, significant knowledge gaps and implementation barriers limit practice in Qatar's primary care settings. Prioritizing trauma-informed education, standardized protocols, and resource allocation may enhance screening implementation. These findings provide a foundation for Qatar and similar healthcare systems to integrate ACEs screening into preventive care, aligning with global best practices. Further research should evaluate culturally adapted interventions and long-term outcomes.