With the rapid development of aerospace technology, further research on the detonation dynamics characteristics of fuels for detonation engines is required. Additionally, in response to frequent accidents and hazards associated with rocket fuel applications, corresponding investigations are also necessary. This paper conducts a numerical simulation study on the detonation dynamics of two different bicomponent fuels using the Fluent software. The aim is to explore the influence of fuel composition and initial conditions on the propagation characteristics of detonation waves. The detonation wave propagation properties of methane/oxygen and hydrogen/oxygen bipropellants are investigated under varying initial conditions. Key detonation dynamics parameters, such as peak pressure, propagation velocity, and characteristic dimensions, are analyzed. The results indicate that under low-temperature conditions, the propellant exhibits increased peak pressure, enhanced propagation velocity, reduced velocity fluctuation amplitude, and extended stable propagation distance, all of which promote stable detonation wave propagation. Conversely, an increase in the equivalence ratio exhibits the opposite effect.