Article 2026-04-22 under-review v1

Microflow-Driven Uniform Self-Assembly of Buried Interfaces Enables Scalable, Air-Processed Perovskite Modules

S
Shaohang Wu Jinan University
K
Kai Sun South China Normal University
H
Haoyang Zhang Jinan University
X
Xinyu Tong Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Q
Qian Chen Guangdong Mellow Energy Co., Ltd
M
Mengen Ma Jinan University
Z
Zengwei Liu Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z
Zhen Wang South China Normal University
C
Chong Liu Jinan University
Y
Yumeng Zhang South China Normal University
M
Maoyuan Wu Jinan University
H
Huilin Tan Jinan University
Y
Yanyan Gao Guangdong Mellow Energy Co., Ltd.
L
Lisha Xie Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z
Ziyi Ge Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
J
Jiandong Fan Jinan University, Guangdong Mellow Energy Co., Ltd.
R
Ruud Schropp University of the Western Cape
J
Jinwei Gao Gannan Normal University
Y
Yaohua Mai yaohuamai@jnu.edu.cn

Abstract

Scaling perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to large-area, durable modules requires buried interfaces that form uniformly under manufacturing-relevant coating conditions, yet this remains difficult to achieve. Here we report a microflow-driven strategy that enables a bilayer NiOₓ/self-assembled monolayer (SAM) contact in perovskite films processed entirely in ambient air. Evaporation-driven Marangoni recirculation transports π-conjugated SAM molecules to the NiOₓ surface, where strong anchoring promotes dense and uniform coverage. A porous matrix stabilizer homogenizes the solvent vapour flux above the wet film, equalizing the flow field and enabling uniform SAM transport and interfacial assembly over large areas. The resulting inverted rigid PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.2% (blade-coated, 0.113 cm²), rigid mini-modules achieve a certified PCE of 24.1% (blade-coated, aperture area 20.41 cm²), and flexible large-area modules achieve a certified PCE of 21.13% (slot-die-coated, aperture area 617.4 cm²), placing their performance among the highest reported at these respective scales. Encapsulated modules retain 91% of their initial PCE after 1,000 h of one-sun maximum power point tracking and 93.7% after 1,128 h under damp heat (85 °C/85% relative humidity). These results establish solvent microflow as a controllable lever for scalable, efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics.

Citation Information

@article{shaohangwu2026,
  title={Microflow-Driven Uniform Self-Assembly of Buried Interfaces Enables Scalable, Air-Processed Perovskite Modules},
  author={Shaohang Wu and Kai Sun and Haoyang Zhang and Xinyu Tong and Qian Chen and Mengen Ma and Zengwei Liu and Zhen Wang and Chong Liu and Yumeng Zhang and Maoyuan Wu and Huilin Tan and Yanyan Gao and Lisha Xie and Ziyi Ge and Jiandong Fan and Ruud Schropp and Jinwei Gao and Yaohua Mai},
  journal={Nature Portfolio},
  year={2026},
  doi={https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9201221/v1}
}
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