Research Article 2026-04-21 under-review v1

Live and Dead Knot Segmentation in X-ray Computed Tomography: A Comparative Study of Modern Networks

S
Shuai Zou Luleå University of Technology
L
Linus Olofsson Luleå University of Technology
O
Oualid Burström Luleå University of Technology
T
Thomas Reichert Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg
O
Olof Broman Luleå University of Technology
G
Geir Isak Vestøl Norwegian University of Life Sciences
M
Mohammad Jaber Hossain Norwegian University of Life Sciences
M
Magnus Fredriksson Luleå University of Technology
J
Johannes A. J. Huber Wood K Plus - Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH

Abstract

Reliable segmentation of live and dead knots in X-ray computed tomography images is crucial for automated wood grading and sawing yield optimisation in the timber industry. Segmentation in wet-state X-ray computed tomography images remains challenging due to low contrast, noise, and the small, fragmented nature of dead-knot volumes. Under a controlled setting with a knot prior derived from the ground-truth whole-knot mask, which can be assumed to be available in industrial evaluations, we benchmark representative modern semantic segmentation networks using a unified preprocessing, training, and evaluation protocol. We compare both region-overlap performance and boundary-localisation behaviour. To ensure consistent geometric assessment, we applied a lightweight, anatomy-informed post-processing to all predictions to stabilise the dead-knot boundary, and we complement region-overlap metrics with pith-referenced boundary-localisation metrics that quantify dead-knot boundary error. SegResNet achieves the strongest overall performance, including a live-knot Dice of 0.89 and a dead-knot Dice of 0.66, and also yields the most stable dead-knot boundary localisation. Overall, under the idealised setting where the knot area is constrained by ground truth, the residual encoder--decoder network (SegResNet) is particularly effective for dead-knot delineation on wet-state X-ray computed tomography slices.

Citation Information

@article{shuaizou2026,
  title={Live and Dead Knot Segmentation in X-ray Computed Tomography: A Comparative Study of Modern Networks},
  author={Shuai Zou and Linus Olofsson and Oualid Burström and Thomas Reichert and Olof Broman and Geir Isak Vestøl and Mohammad Jaber Hossain and Magnus Fredriksson and Johannes A. J. Huber},
  journal={Wood Science and Technology},
  year={2026},
  doi={https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9134377/v1}
}
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