Effects of Cryogenic Hydrogen on Jet-Flame Combustion Characteristics for Aircraft Propulsion Applications
Abstract
The development of future aircraft propulsion systems increasingly considers sus-tainable aviation fuels and hydrogen (H2) as alternative energy carriers. Due toits low density at ambient conditions, H2 must be either highly compressed orstored in liquid form at cryogenic temperatures to achieve higher densities andtherefore, smaller system volume. While cryogenic hydrogen (LH2) offers higherdensity at low pressure, it introduces challenges related to flow behavior, thermalmanagement, and safety, including icing phenomena. This study investigates theinfluence of low-temperature H2 injection on jet-flame characteristics and com-bustion stability. Experimental results are compared with literature correlations,with particular focus on the coupling between injection temperature, fuel den-sity, jet velocity, mixing behavior, and flame temperature. The results show thatcryogenic injection significantly alters combustion behavior. Increased densityleads to reduced exit velocities at constant volumetric flow rates, while higherReynolds numbers affect turbulence and mixing. Lower injection temperaturesresult in elongated flames, reduced local flame temperatures, and delayed heatrelease. Flame lift-off is strongly influenced by these effects and serves as a keystability indicator. In addition, nozzle icing is identified as a critical safety con-cern, especially under lift-off conditions due to reduced thermal feedback. Overall,the findings highlight the need for optimized injection strategies, advanced noz-zle geometries, and suitable materials to ensure stable and safe operation of lowtemperature H2 combustion systems in aviation.
Citation Information
@article{fynnthilker2026,
title={Effects of Cryogenic Hydrogen on Jet-Flame Combustion Characteristics for Aircraft Propulsion Applications},
author={Fynn Thilker and Robert Krewinkel and Andreas Tramposch},
journal={Research Square},
year={2026},
doi={https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9320345/v1}
}
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