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Research Article posted

Identity and Racial Bias in Professional Football: Evidence from Refereeing Decisions

Desiré De Luca, Donato Ferrari, Pasquale Giacobbe, Andrea Mosca

This paper studies whether disciplinary sanctions in European professional football differ systematically by player race. Using player-match data from UEFA Champions League and Europa League competiti...

Research Square 2026-04-23 rs-9414598
Referee Bias Racial Discrimination Geopolitical Conflict Political Identity Behavioral Economics
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