Dairy cattle production remains a low-contributing subsector in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Since the 1990s, several interventions, including the introduction of artificial insemination (AI) as a rapid genetic improvement strategy, have been implemented to enhance productivity; however, cattle productivity in South Kivu and Tanganyika provinces remains low. This study assessed the current status of these interventions and examined farmers’ potential to adopt genetic improvement innovations, contributing to Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2 and the African Union Agenda 2063. Data were collected from 369 dairy cattle farmers in selected areas of South Kivu and Tanganyika through a cross-sectional survey, capturing information on socio-economic characteristics, awareness of genetic improvement, knowledge and utilization of artificial insemination (AI), and adoption status of related technologies. Results revealed low adoption rates, with 29% of farmers using general genetic improvement practices and 25% adopting AI, constrained mainly by limited availability of AI services, and financial barriers. While awareness of AI in South Kivu was significantly higher (73.9%) compared to Tanganyika (34.4%), adoption rates were comparable in both provinces, suggesting awareness alone does not drive adoption. Farmers in South Kivu and Tanganyika expressed largely similar perceptions of cattle breeds. Holstein-Friesian and Brown Swiss were valued for high milk production, good body conformation, and high market value, while Ankole cattle were preferred for their affordability, adaptability, disease resistance, and good temperament. However, Ankole cattle were also perceived as having low milk yield and market value, whereas exotic breeds were commonly viewed as disease-prone and demanding in terms of breeding and management. Enhanced availability and accessibility of artificial insemination services, supported by targeted financial mechanisms and farmer capacity building, are critical to increasing the adoption of modern livestock production practices. Such interventions would contribute directly to improved rural livelihoods and progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals. Policy priorities should include the establishment of functional AI centers, training and deployment of local veterinarians and technicians, and the provision of financial incentives to encourage uptake of improved breeding technologies. Integrating farmer education and awareness into agricultural policy frameworks is essential for addressing knowledge gaps that limit adoption. Moreover, expanded use of improved breeds must be accompanied by strengthened veterinary services and effective vaccination programs to reduce health risks and ensure long-term sustainability.